Bilingual Development A Perspective From First Language...

Starting Article Summary The starting point article I chose to focus on for this comparison was ‘The Debate on Maturational Constraints in Bilingual Development: A Perspective from First-Language Attrition’ by Monika S. Schmid. In her study and subsequent article, she wanted to see if there was a correlation between Second Language Learners (and their age of acquisition) and Native Fluency - in detail, whether or not they have a maturational constraint in reaching native fluency in grammar, morphology, and the like.The study compared 20 (German L1) long-term users of their second language (English), 20 advanced immersed second language users (German L2, English L1), and 20 monolingual, native German speaking controls. The bilingual†¦show more content†¦Summary of Second Article The second article I chose to use for this paper was ‘Phonological Similarity Judgements in ASL: Evidence for Maturational Constraints on Phonetic Perception in Sign.’. It was published in Sign Language Linguistics, Volume 15, Issue 1 in 2012. The study and article was completed by Matthew L. Hall, Victor S. Ferreira, and Rachel L. Mayberry. The purpose of this study and its subsequent article was to look at phonological processing in sign language and how the Age of Acquisition affects said processing. They looked at previous studies done on how signers (of American Sign Language) overdiscriminate - overdiscrimination is the ability to realise differences between two tokens drawn from the same side of the category boundary - and found that the amount they overdiscriminate depends on their Age of Acquisition.These studies also found that native signers were less sensitive to ‘within-category variation’ and that non-native signers and non-signing participant s (now referred to as naive participants) tended to make more within-category discriminations. These results shows that an earlier Age of Acquisition is linked to the learning of phonetic categories in sign phonology - something similar to phonetic learning in early spoken language acquisition. This in turn affects sign recognition and shows that non-native signers and naive participants usually tend to lean the same way

The Lord s Will Help Shaping The Worldview Of Christian...

Sir Francis Bacon once wrote: â€Å"There are two books laid before us to study, to prevent our falling into error; first, the volume of the Scriptures, which reveal the will of God; then the volume of the Creatures, which express His power† (qtd. in H. M. Morris 22). Indeed, the Bible reveals to man the answers to the questions in life, especially regarding the important ones that shape a person’s worldview. Within the Scriptures, notably in Genesis, one can find the explanation concerning the natural world, human identity, human relationships, and civilization. Chapter 1 to 11 of the Genesis described the way God created the world, and through these chapters we learn about His’s plan for mankind (New International Version Bible). Furthermore,†¦show more content†¦Light and darkness are two sides of all creations, as it both exists each creature, symbolize goodness and evil. Water and air are crucial elements for life, as three fourth of the human body composed of water, and oxygen aids in the metabolism the living beings, including animals, plants, and human. God created the sun and the moon to govern the light, but He also created the star. At first, it can be thought as peculiar since the star do not holds any special quality in showing the light on the earth. However, within the galaxy, the earth is placed in a special position that enable us to discover the wonderful beauty of the universe (A Special Place in the Universe). It can be interpreted that God had placed us there and created the stars to urge man to learn and explore and satisfy the thirst for knowledge. Undoubtedly, the world as we see it was not created by chance according to the popular science. Evolutionists and Big Bang theorists believe that after billions and billions of years, after a sequences of trials and error, the universe was created and man had evolved from the non-living through random chances. While it remains one of the prominent view since Darwin first published his book The Origin of Species, it failed to explain how all the fundamentals of life, from the smallest molecular to the largest planet, are finely tuned with one another, that the missing of even one component means non-existence. Hence, life did not happen by

Successful Intervention of any Organization in The Competitive Market

Question: Discuss about the Successful Intervention of any Organization in The Competitive Market. Answer: Introduction The study seeks a deep insight to underpin the necessities of successful managers across the various levels of management. Critical evaluation of organic and mechanistic structure would outline the successful intervention of managerial practice in various organizations. The particular topic would also emphasize on the management styles and implementation of strategic management process in organizations. Why do we need managers? What are the different levels of managers and explain how they differ? Management is required for facilitating a coordinated effort towards the accomplishment of organizational goals. Good managers take active participation in injecting motivation, creativity, discipline and enthusiasm amongst the employees for ensuring long-term sustenance and productivity of the organization (Nepali et al. 2014). An effective management for the organization imparts a sense of direction amongst the employees. The following points figure out the necessity of an efficient manager in an organization: The managers of the organization seeks a deep insight to ensure a sense of security and openness amongst the employees An effective management is necessary for ensuring a better coordination amongst the various departments in an organization Successful managers enhances the profit margin of the organization Efficient management systems always leads to a peaceful and positive ambience at the work place Employees tends to be loyal and accomplish their tasks within a stipulated time duration due to the presence of an effective management in organizations Managers carry out various integral roles for the organization such as planning, staffing, leading, organizing, controlling and time management The various levels of management refer to a line of demarcation amongst various managerial positions in an organization. The various levels of management underpins a chain of commands, level of authority and the working status held by managers in different positions. The various levels of management sub divide itself under three categories: Top level of management, Middle level of management and low level of management Figure: Various Levels of Management Source: The top management refers to the highest hierarchy in an organization and usually comprises of the board of directors chief executive and the managing director. The top management usually looks after the administrative section of the organization. In contrast to the administrative section, the middle level of management usually refers to the executive level of management comprising of the branch and departmental managers (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). The low level of management belongs to the operative and supervisory level of managements consisting of the section officers, superintendent, supervisors etc. The differences of responsibilities amongst the three levels of management are as follows: Top Management Level Middle Management Level Low Management Level Determination of objectives, policies, procedures and planning of the organization Execution of the organizational policies and procedures upon the direction and guidance of the top management Taking up the responsibility of allocating jobs and tasks to the workers Appointing the executive or the middle level such as branch managers, supervisors etc Making effective plans for the sub-unit of the organization Image builders of th organization and converses the complaints, queries and appeals of the workers across all forms of management Active participation in controlling and coordinating activities of various departments Participating in employment and training of lower level management Providing training to the workers and maintaining discipline in the organization Guiding, directing and preparing strategic planning Evaluating the performance of low level managers and boosting confidence in them for enhancing their performance Takes active participation in guiding the subordinates and fulfilling the grievances of the workers Involvement in preparing budget, procedures schedules etc Sending valuable report and important data to the top level of management Preparing periodical reports about the performance of the workers Comparing and contrasting organic and mechanistic organizational structures with examples The organic structure usually states the nature of framework than an organization utilizes to demonstrate amongst power, authorities, roles, responsibilities and the way in which information flows across the various forms of management. In contrast, Mechanistic structure states that an organizational structure is in alignment with a formal and centralized network of operations. The mechanistic structure is also known as bureaucratic structure. The mechanistic structure is ideal for those organizations that operate within a stable and certain environment (Schmidt, Deem and Davis 2014). Therefore, there are lesser chances of change in this form of management and so is relatively easier to maintain. In contrast, organic structure allows an organization to be flexible in nature and adjust to the uncertainties and challenges arising in the external and internal environment. An organization with a suitable organic structure would take active participation in implementing practical operation procedures and decision-making abilities for achieving the objective oriented outcomes in a successful manner. In case of a mechanistic structure, most portions of the functional entities are not dependent on each other. For example, the governmental organizations and the health care institutes of UK usually follows a mechanistic structure where the top level managers take majority of the decisions and it also lacks involvement of multiparty (Bergh et al. 2014). The IT companies in UK are the best examples of organic structure where the employees take active participation in enhancing their problem-solving abilities and producing new products. Mechanistic Organic Individual Specialization: Employees tend to work separately and have specializations in a particular department Joint Specialization: Employees work with a collaborative approach and coordinate their job responsibilities amongst each other Simple Integrated Mechanism: The authority of the hierarchies are well described Complicated Integrated Mechanism: Task forces and teams are primary integrating mechanisms Centralization : The communication style is vertical by nature and the decision making process is kept as high as possible Decentralization: The communication style is lateral by nature and the authorities to controlling tasks is delegated Standardization : Extensive usage prepared of rules and standard operating procedures Mutual Understanding: The nature of the work procedure is unpredictable by nature and probes for face-to- face contact with a coordinative approach It usually practises written form of communication It usually practises verbal form of communication Exhibits an informal status in organization based on the size of the empire Also exhibits an informal status but based on perceived brilliance It states that organization is a network of positions where each individual handles a particular job responsibility It states that organization is a network of persons or teams where individuals handle various types of job responsibilities depending on situations Evaluate the characteristics of transformational leaders. Are transformational leaders more effective than transactional leaders? Figure: Characteristics of Transformational Leadership (Source: Avolio and Yammarino 2013) Transformational leadership style is one of the most practised methods in successful organizations Transformational leadership style emphasizes on team building, motivation and collaboration at variant levels of an organization. The leaders always probes for improvement of the organizational culture and management. The transformational leaders take active participation in setting goals and incentives for the employees in order to enhance their performance (Zhu et al. 2013). Inclusion of opportunities for personal and professional development motivates the employees in a positive manner. Transformational and Transactional leadership styles are polar opposites when it comes to underpinning the theories of management and motivation. In terms of successful business enterprises, transformational leaders are much more effective than the transactional leaders. A transactional leader could be a blessing in disguise for an employee who is a performer and a nightmare for the ones who is struggling to churn productive outputs for the organization (Schuh et al. 2014). This is because transactional leaders rewards or punishes the motivating followers. However, a transformational leader always motivates and inspires an employee irrespective of success or failure (Noruzy et al. 2013). Transactional leaders could be biased in nature due to personal connections with the employees, thus raising higher chances of discrimination and partiality. Transformational leadership usually emphasizes on values, ideals, morals and requirements of the individuals. Transactional leaders are usually reactive by nature, which could sometimes affect the organizational progress on certain occasions. In contrast, transformational leadership are proactive by nature and has better capability of handling complex situations. Transactional leaders are ideal for a working environment that is in the best of its shape (Herrmann and Nadkarni 2014). When exposed to a complex scenario, they may look vulnerable. Likewise, transformational leaders are identical for handling complex situations or implementing radical changes in the existing organizational culture. The most important section where transactional leaders fail to surpass transformational leaders is that they are concerned with the maintenance of normal flow of information. Transformational leaders are responsible for taking the performance and success of the organization to the next level. Up on differentiation of the two styles of leadership, it can be clearly stated that transformational leaders are more successful than the transactional leaders for successful intervention of the organization in the competitive market. Identify and explain the strategic management process needed to develop the strategies of the organization The strategic management process is a philosophical approach to business that allows the organization to gain supremacy in the competitive market. The higher management thinks in a strategic manner before applying the thought into a particular process. Business enterprises seek a deep insight on the following strategic implementation stages for developing successful strategies of an organization. Goal Setting The primary intention of goal setting is to recognize the vision of the business. On an early stage, the management seeks a deep insight in identifying the short and long-term objectives for the organization. Upon identification of the objectives, the management identifies the process of accomplishing the objectives (Proctor, T., 2014). The processing of the task states the final stage of the goal setting process. On needs to keep in mind that the goals needs to be realistic and aligns with the values of the vision for achieving objective oriented outcomes. Analysis Gathering of accurate and relevant information is clinical to success for the organization. The management seeks a deep insight to understand the requirements of the business as a sustainable entity, strategic initiatives directions and the initiatives required for the development of the business. The management must conduct SWOT, PESTLE and Stakeholder analysis for identifying the opportunities and constraints for the organization. Strategy Formulation The main step involved in forming a strategy is to review the information gathered from the data analysis. The management shall be sure about the existence of the resources that could assist the organization in achieving the objective oriented outcomes (Kacperczyk, Nieuwerburgh and Veldkamp 2014). The organization must identify the requirement for any external resources. The management must have alternatives approaches for the execution of each plan. Strategy Implementation This is the stage where management performs actions for successful intervention of the strategic management process. If the overall strategies fail to impress, then a new strategy shall be implemented at an earliest stage. The employees of the organization should be aware about their responsibilities before executing the plan Evaluation and Control The strategic evaluation comprise of review about performance measurements, deep insight on the external and internal issues and taking preventive actions where required. Successful evaluation plans starts by identifying the parameters that needs to be measured. The management must recognize the progress by measuring the actual results in contrast to the plan. Monitoring of external and internal environment of the organization would also allow the management to react on any substantial changes in the business environment. Conclusion On the contrary, it concludes that, successful managers are identical for successful intervention of any organization in the competitive market. The implementation of organic and mechanistic structure would outline the various implementations in various business environments. The transformational leadership style is perhaps the best leadership approach for business organizations. The application of strategic management helps the organization to secure a safe position in the competitive market. Reference list Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead Emerald Group Publishing Bergh, D.D., Connelly, B.L., Ketchen, D.J. and Shannon, L.M., 2014. Signalling theory and equilibrium in strategic management research: An assessment and a research agendaJournal of Management Studies,51(8), pp.1334-1360 Herrmann, P. and Nadkarni, S., 2014. Managing strategic change: The duality of CEO personalityStrategic management journal,35(9), pp.1318-1342 Hill, C., Jones, G. and Schilling, M., 2014Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach Cengage Learning. Kacperczyk, M., Nieuwerburgh, S.V. and Veldkamp, L., 2014. Timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Varying Fund Manager SkillThe Journal of Finance,69(4), pp.1455-1484 Nepali, K., Sharma, S., Sharma, M., Bedi, P.M.S. and Dhar, K.L., 2014 Rational approaches, design strategies, structure activity relationship and mechanistic insights for anticancer hybridsEuropean journal of medicinal chemistry,77, pp.422-487 Noruzy, A., Dalfard, V.M., Azhdari, B., Nazari-Shirkouhi, S. and Rezazadeh, A., 2013 Relations between transformational leadership, organizational learning, knowledge management, organizational innovation, and organizational performance: an empirical investigation of manufacturing firmsThe International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 64(5-8), pp.1073-1085. Proctor, T., 2014Creative problem solving for managers: developing skills for decision-making and innovation. Rout ledge. Schmidt, J.E., Deem, M.W. and Davis, M.E., 2014. Synthesis of a Specified, Silica Molecular Sieve by Using Computationally Predicted Organic Structureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Directing Agents.Angewandte Chemie126(32), pp.8512-8514 Schuh, S.C., Bark, A.S.H., Van Quaquebeke, N., Hossiep, R., Frieg, P. and Van Dick, R., 2014 Gender differences in leadership role occupancy: The mediating role of power motivationJournal of Business Ethics,120(3), pp.363-379 Zhu, W., Newman, A., Miao, Q. and Hooke, A., 2013 Revisiting the mediating role of trust in transformational leadership effects: Do different types of trust make a difference?.The Leadership Quarterly,24(1), pp.94-105

Professional - Ethical and Legal issues in Healthcare

Question: Describe about the Professional, Ethical and Legal issues in Healthcare. Answer: Introduction The problem of Ethical dilemma is often faced by the nurses, irrespective of the role and the location of the practice of nursing. Any kind of decision, which is concerned with ethics, will have an immense impact on the nurses, patients and the families of the patients. Due to the nature of importance of ethics, the issues pertaining to ethics has become a fundamental rule and it is associated with all the nursing practices. In the view of Aiken (2004), ethics is a discipline, which deals with the appropriateness and wrongness of a particular action. Ahead of that, it also involves the doing of good acts and excluding any kind of harm. However, in nursing practices taking ethical decisions could be prejudiced and differs from one nurse to the other. For making a best ethical decision, it needs a perception, but somewhat, the control and internalization of the knowledge of ethical toolkit, that are influenced through the beliefs, values and experiences of the nurses. This consecutively forms a logical progression by identifying the ethical dilemma along with the capability of providing a systematic method in the form of a solution (Beauchamp and Childress, 2009). In contrast, Hendrick (2000) accepted the terms morally and ethically and described it in an approach that relates to the nursing practice. According to him, moral and ethics can be viewed merely between what is correct and incorrect, right or wrong in the action of humans and the outcomes of what we do. He also recommended applying these approaches academically and theoretically. The common ethical issues that are faced include universal human rights, abortion, death, environment, healing and quality of life. Being healthcare professionals, we frequently encounter ethical dilemma because of conflicting interests like personal beliefs, social consent or professional beliefs that are not in consensus (Hayes, 2004). In order to practice nursing ethically, the professionals of nursing must be perceptive to identify the doubtful ethical issues in their occupation on a daily basis. Abortion has constantly been a contentious subject leading to an argument in a larger extent over the years, particularly the thought aligned with abortion is ongoing between the perspectives of pro-life and pro-choice. Pro-choice are the individuals who consider that the females possess the right regarding the termination of pregnancy or to keep the baby on the grounds of their health conditions. In contrast, pro-life criticize the act of abortion and recommends it to be criminalized by law. This is due to the reason that, all the human beings should possess the rights to live, despite whether they are having any kind of disability or not. The perspective of the supporters of pro-life is that from the conception time, i.e. when a fetus acquires the form of a human being and hence it has a right to live. The importance and trust of the professionals of healthcare concerning the issue on abortion care are being challenged every day. The supporters who do not agree with the idea of abortion observe it as a type of unethical and immoral activity. If the cause against the act of abortion is significant, then, how do the individuals justify in similar conditions using ethics and morals to put forward the social acceptance of putting to death, particularly, the death sentence employed in a number of countries, even in Singapore which is a although a developed country (Johnstone, 2013). In this article, I desire to argue that the act of abortion should not be observed sim plistically as a killing act, instead to understand the ideas that encourage the thought of abortion. This article will commence by highlighting the ethical theories. In addition, a discussion regarding the act of abortion will be carried out from the viewpoint of legal, ethical as well as professional context. Subsequently, an argument between the right of the fetus and maternity rights will be revealed. This is pursued by the argument between individual value and belief as contrasted to the duty of the healthcare professionals. Lastly, it will also provide the methods to reduce the abortion risk and its prevention. In the concluding section, a demonstration of the level regarding the supportiveness of the act of abortion will be emphasized. Ethics Theories Due to the advancements in the technology, the ethical issues have turned to be more complex and offer additional substitutes. This has resulted in the rise of various controversial questions. For instance, do the pregnant women possess complete independence over their healthcare situations concerning their body? Where does life start? Does the fetus possess any right? Ethically, the reply to these complicated questions and the actions depend on the instinctive morals of a person. The issues like beneficence and non-maleficence, autonomy, justice along with the quality of life come into this particular category. An individual theory of ethics is instinctive. The proposition is that the ethical principles and terms can be observed in the expedience of humans and their instinctive acts. Utilitarianism, which was established by Jeremy Bentham, argues that the essential principle of utility involves the maximization of pleasure and minimization of pain (Ferm 1950,p. 269). It is an illust ration of a significant ethical theory, since it declares that an act, which is morally good, is the one that assists the greater number of individuals. In contrast, Deontology, which is a kind of non-consequences theory, considers the actions that are required to be based correctly on the system and laws concerning the duties and obligations. In the opinion of Kant (1997), absolute adherences are required by deontology to these acts and obligations ethically from duty. The act of abortion was a social, legal and political issue prior to Roe v. Wade decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in the Year 1973. Rights of the Foetus Versus maternal rights In women, pregnancy is a process which is continuing. For identifying a point beyond which the act of abortion should not be permitted is difficult. This is due to the reason that there is an unclear destination from the stage of conception to the birth stage. The identification of the ethical status of the foetus is based on the developmental stages, such as viability, appearance and sensitivity to pain. Therefore, before committing the act of abortion it is essential to know what the act of abortion is. Mainly, it is the termination and expulsion of pregnancy prior to birth. It may take place unexpectedly, in that case it is called miscarriage, or it can be an abortion which is induced. Around 42 million cases of abortion take place worldwide in a year. Around 12 % of abortion takes place at or subsequent to 13weeks of gestation, 1.35 % being performed ahead of 21weeks of conception (Napolitano Thilaganathan, 2010). In spite of the substantiation of abortion in a number of countri es, the response to whether the act of abortion is ethically allowed remains doubtful. The professionals of health care frequently have to face the issues regarding the involvement or withdrawal from the procedure of abortion and such decisions can be complex as well as difficult. From the viewpoint of the expecting women, they have the right to choose what can happen with their body. In the view of Johnstone (2004), the decision regarding abortion should be strong-minded and it should be valued as her independence. In addition, they should be permissible to make a decision what is going to take place with their bodies. No one, together with professionals of healthcare should go against their decisions. The Fetus is regarded as a potential life that depends on the body of the pregnant female for its survival. Following 24weeks of gestation, the life of then fetus is believed to be viable. The rights of the fetus should be the main concern except the ongoing of pregnancy would result in instant destruction and intimidates the physical condition of the expecting mother. According to the Ministry of Health (2004), abortion is allowed if the continuation of the period of pregnancy is intimidating the physical condition of the expecting women and can result in permanent damage to the pregnant women either mentally or physically. However, the fetus grows particularly further than the 24weeks of gestation, the rights of the fetus surpass the rights of the mother. Personal value and belief versus healthcare professional duty In the cases of abortion, the nurses frequently act in response in ways that demonstrate the difficulty of the issue. The values in the area of nursing include realizing what is vital for the profession as well as the nurses personally, in addition to what is essential for the expecting mother. Abortion is an area in which several nurses are struggling with the conflicts of their professional duty and individual worth (Marek, 2003). Since, it is not easy to encourage a woman in the process of decision making regarding the termination of pregnancy (Murphy et al. 2000, p.2235). The individual belief of the individuals affects their decisions, but proficiently speaking, the professionals of healthcare must avoid such type of behavior. In reply to the necessity for information and care that addresses contraception and sexual health (Murphy et al. 2000, p.2235). A number of nurses are in favor in assisting the procedure of abortion. Few nurses may not help in the abortions but may possibl y provide care to the patient subsequent to the process. Several other nurses would help in abortion in the first tri-mester of the pregnancy but may not agree in later stages. There is no obligation for the nurses in supporting a position in which they oppose. However, the nurses are compelled to reveal this information before they start working in the hospitals or clinics that perform abortions. Regardless of everything, the nurses should give respect to the patients decision that looks for care. Being healthcare professionals, we must inform the patient systematically regarding the decisions of healthcare. In Singapore, compulsory counseling is needed prior to the procedure for every patient who wants to terminate their pregnancy. For females who are less than 14 years of age, there is no medical privacy for protecting them from being reported to the police as well as to parents, as it is an offence for any male to have sexual contact with a female who is less than 14 years of ag e (statutory rape). The Health Promotion Board (HPB) counseling centre counsels the females who are below 16years of age. The patients who are mentally disabled require certification by a psychiatrist that continuation of the pregnancy can result in harming the mother prior to the medical procedures. It is compulsory to wait for 48 hours after the procedure of counseling is conducted ahead of the procedure of abortion. The patients who choose to terminate their pregnancy are needed to sign a declaration of level of education, marital status and number of kids. All the patients must receive complete information and understand the information as well as consent willingly. This entire procedure is strictly confidential and nobody is provided with the information, including the parents of the patient. The professionals of health care frequently have to face the issues regarding the involvement or withdrawal from the procedure of abortion and such decisions can be complex as well as difficult. From the viewpoint of the expecting women, they have the right to choose what can happen with their body. Every pati ent who will undergo the termination of pregnancy is required to have post abortion counseling and need to come back following a week for follow up of any sort of complications. Additionally, political aspect is one of the issues that deals with political candidates, who are not in favor of abortion will pass the legislation and go on confronting the strategy in bringing up the consideration to their viewpoint. The legal aspects of Roe V.Wade (1973) has given a work of abortion law, codifying, regulating and limiting whether, when and under what conditions the women may opt for an abortion (Learman et al., 2005). Prevention and ways of lowering the abortion risk In the year 1986, the government of Singapore encouraged those who manage to have more kids that lead to a reduction in the rate of abortion. The identification of the ethical status of the foetus is based on the developmental stages, such as viability, appearance and sensitivity to pain. Therefore, before committing the act of abortion it is essential to know what the act of abortion is. Mainly, it is the termination and expulsion of pregnancy prior to birth. It may take place unexpectedly, in that case it is called miscarriage, or it can be an abortion which is induced. Around 42 million cases of abortion take place worldwide in a year. Around 12 % of abortion takes place at or subsequent to 13weeks of gestation, 1.35 % being performed ahead of 21weeks of conception (Napolitano Thilaganathan, 2010). In spite of the substantiation of abortion in a number of countries, the response to whether the act of abortion is ethically allowed remains doubtful. The professionals of health care frequently have to face the issues regarding the involvement or withdrawal from the procedure of abortion and such decisions can be complex as well as difficult. From the viewpoint of the expecting women, they have the right to choose what can happen with their body. In the view of Johnstone (2004), the decision regarding abortion should be strong-minded and it should be valued as her independence. In addition, they should be permissible to make a decision what is going to take place with their bodies. No one, together with professionals of healthcare should go against their decisions. It could be used to know their menstrual cycle, planning of pregnancy or avoiding pregnancy. In addition, vasectomy is also applicable to be performed on males along with tubal ligation for females which only can be performed in a clinic or hospital with the consent of the patient. All the types and methods of contraception have a probability to get failed. Additionally, by using simple language whil e communicating with the patient would be better in providing education regarding family planning as well as raise the awareness pertaining to abortion to patients and their families. Conclusion: The act of abortion has been a controversial issue over several years. It involves several ethical issue as well as laws. In the situations that affect the decision of the individual, for instance cases of rape, have an effect on the expecting mothers health, some individuals think that it is all right, but a number of them consider that the fetus must be viable. Hence, the nurses provide education to the pregnant women and their families regarding the process, risks and complications. An improved access and utilization of the contraceptive services as well as emergency contraception could result in the reduction of the cases of unintentional pregnancy and a decline in national rate of abortion. It should underline the significance of the programs of family planning through public support in such a way to reduce the prevalence of unplanned pregnancy as well as abortion. In addition to that, there is also a need to provide education to the pregnant women and their family members regar ding the procedure as well as concerns after the completion of the procedure. In all the situations, healthcare professional are responsible to review the potential benefits as well as harms prior to the execution of any sort of intervention. Health care professionals should be encouraged to provide valid services to guarantee accessibility, affordability and quality of care for the women,. Being a nurse, the care goals for every patient should be determined by giving proficient care, even if it is in opposition to the personal belief. The ethical principles, personal values and belief, laws, and code of conduct, should be kept in mind while analyzing all the situations individually and an association between patients, their families and the healthcare providers for establishing the ethical action. References: Abortion In Singapore https://sg.theasianparent.com/abortion_in_singapore/ Bandman, E. Bandman, B. (2002). Nursing Ethics Through the Life Span. (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, Beauchamp,T.L and children , J.F. (2009) Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 6th edn. Oxford: ocford university Press Bulletin of the World Health Organization, year 2000 Butts, J., 2008.Ethics in professional nursing practice. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. code of practice for midwives - Health Professionals Portal Dadlez, E. M., Andrews, W. L. (2010). Post-abortion syndrome: Creating an affliction. Bioethics. 24(9), 445-452, DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8519.2009.01739.x. Ethical, Social, and Legal Issues C, https://www.coursewareobjects.com/objects/evolve/E2/book_pages/murray/pdfs/Murray_036-050_Ch03.qxd.pdf F.(n.d). A History of Philosophical System (p.269). Finer, Lawrence B. and Lori F. Frohwirth, Lindsay A. Dauphinee, Susheela Singh and Ann F. Moore."Reasons U.S. Women Have Abortions: Quantitative and Qualitiative Perspectives."Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, Guttmacher.org, September 2005. Guidelines on Termination Of Pregnancy _Singapore https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh_web/HPP/all_healthcare_professionals/(2)_Guidelines%20on%20Termination%20of%20Pregnancy.pdf Hayes,C.(2004). Ethics in end of life care. Journal of Hospice Palliative Nursing,6 (1):36-45 Hendrick J.Law and ethics in nursing and health care.Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes, 2000. https://www.familyplanning.org.nz/advice/contraception/contraception-methods https://www.healthprofessionals.gov.sg/content/dam/hprof/snb/docs/publications/Code%20of%20Practice%20for%20Midwives%20(Aug%202001).pdf https://www.moh.gov.sg/content/dam/moh_web/Publications/Reports/1998/National%20Medical%20Ethics.pdf Johnson BR, Ndhlovu S, Farr SL, Chipato T. Reducing unplanned pregnancy and abortion in Zimbabwe through postabortion contraception. Studies in Family Planning 2002, 33 (2): 195-202. Johnson, D. (2013) The Jolly Hangman, the Jailed Journalist, and the Decline of Singapores Death Penalty,Asian Criminology, 8:41-59 Jones RK, Darroch JE and Henshaw SK, Patterns in socioeconomic characteristics of women obtaining abortions in 20002001, Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2002, 34(5):226235; Henshaw SK and Kost K, Abortion patients in 19941995: characteristics and contraceptive use, Family Planning Perspectives, 1996, 28(4):140147 158; and Henshaw SK and Silverman J, The characteristics and prior contraceptive use of U.S. abortion patients, Family Planning Perspectives, 1988, 20(4):158159 162168. Learman, L. A., Drey, E. A., Gates, E. A., Kang, M., Washington, A. E., Kuppermann, M. (2005). Abortion attitudes of pregnant women in prenatal care. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 192(6), 1939-1947, DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2005.02.042 Lipp,A.(2008). Challenges in Abortion care for practice nurses. Practise Nursing,19(7):326-9 Making abortions safe: a matter of good public health policy and practice Marek, M. J. (2003). Nurses' attitudes toward pregnancy termination in the labor and delivery setting. JOGNN. 33(4), 472-479 Marshall, J., Raynor, M. (2001). Conscientious objection 1: Legal and ethical issues. British Journal of Midwifery. 10(6), 389-392 Marston C, Cleland J. Relationships between contraception and abortion: a review of the evidence. International Family Planning Perspectives 2003, 29 (1): 6-13 Napolitano,R., Thilaganathan,B. (2010). Late termination of pregnancy and foetal reduction for foetal anomly. Best Practice research: Clinical Obstetrics Gynaecology,24(4):529-37 NATIONAL MEDICAL ETHICS COMMITTEE OMalley, C. Legal and Ethical Issues Concerning Pro-Life Choices. 2013 , https://ftp.kumc.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/2271/1173/STTJUNW-2013-OMalley.pdf?sequence=1 Singh S, Sedgh G. 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